Network
The four young birds on our daily walks contacted all new objects preferentially. They picked them out at a rate of up to tens of thousands of times greater than background or previously contacted objects. The main initial criterion for pecking or picking anything up was its novelty. In subsequent trials, when the previously novel items were edible, they became preferred and the inedible objects became “background” items, just like the leaves, grass, and pebbles, even if they were highly conspicuous. These experiments showed that ravens’ curiosity ensures exposure to all or almost all items in the environment.
Soal 7
What is the main purpose of Text 1?
a. Offers historical background in order to question the uniqueness of two researchers’ findings.
b. Offers interpretive context in order to frame the discussion of an experiment and its results.
c. Introduces a scientific principle in order to show how an experiment’s outcomes validated that principle.
d. Presents seemingly contradictory stances in order to show how they can be reconciled empirically.
e. Illustrates some ways in which the ability to navigate long distances can help a species.
Answer: (B) Offers interpretive context in order to frame the discussion of an experiment and its results.
Soal 8
Which of the following best restates the second sentence in Paragraph 1 in Text 1?
a. Humans tend to have a particular expectations about some animals, especially birds and mammals.
b. People are not likely to expect things from birds and mammals as they are animals not humans.
c. Birds are inevitably expected to have certain specialties unlike mammals.
d. Both birds and mammals are unreliable for some people when it comes to expectation.
e. Many people believe that mammals are more reliable rather than birds.
Answer: (A) Humans tend to have a particular expectations about some animals, especially birds and mammals.
Text 1
When I saw workingmen engaged with grave assiduity in fashioning weapons of death, I was struck with wonder at the shortsightedness of human beings, who were soberly preparing the instruments of destruction of their own species. I have since found upon a closer study of man, that my wonder might have been spared. The views of most individuals are limited to their own happiness, and the workmen whom I beheld so busy in the arsenal of Venice saw nothing but what was good in the labor for which they received such wages as procured them the comforts of life. That their immediate satisfaction was not hindered by a view of the remote consequential and contingent evils for which they were responsible would not surprise one who has had seen too much of the world. We must have the telescope of philosophy to make us perceive distant ills; further, we know that there are individuals of our species to whom the immediate misery of others is nothing in comparison with their own advantage—for we know that in every age there have been found men very willing to perform the office of executioner.
Text 2
